Journal: Journal of Functional Biomaterials

Article Title: Physicochemical and Antioxidant Alterations of Modified and Free Epigallocatechin Gallate Under Thermal Treatment in Air and Vacuum

doi: 10.3390/jfb17010018

Figure Lengend Snippet: Characterization and antioxidant activity of samples. ( A ) Three types of sponges: vacuum-heated (150 °C, 16 h) gelatin sponges containing β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) granules (vh-GSβ), vacuum-heated chemically synthesized gelatin sponges containing β-TCP (vhc-GSβ), and vacuum-heated chemically synthesized gelatin sponges containing EGCG and β-TCP (vhEc-GSβ). Macroscopic appearances ( left ; scale bar = 5 mm) and field-emission scanning electron microscopic appearances ( middle ; scale bar = 500 µm, right ; scale bar = 200 µm). ( B ) Quantitative analysis of pore size based on the average of the maximum Feret diameter. n = 6; one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test; ns: not significant; * p < 0.05. ( C ) X-ray powder diffraction patterns. Arrow heads: the characteristic diffraction peaks of β-TCP. ( D ) ATR-FTIR spectra of the samples. Arrows: the characteristic peaks of amide bands. ( E ) DPPH assay. ( F ) Quantitative analysis of DPPH scavenging activity using Welch’s ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test. n = 4, ns: not significant, **** p < 0.0001. ( G ) Immunofluorescence staining for 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in rat calvarial bone defects implanted with or without samples. Scale bars: top = 50 µm; bottom = 500 µm. ( H ) Quantitative analysis of the ratio of 4-HNE to 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) fluorescence area. n = 4; Welch’s ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s T3 multiple comparisons test; ns: not significant; ** p < 0.01.

Article Snippet: Frozen sections of animal tissues were blocked and permeabilized in phosphate-buffered saline (164-28713; FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) containing 5% goat serum (S-1000, Vector Laboratories, Inc., Newark, CA, USA) and 0.3% Triton X-100 (Code 12967-32, Nacalai, Kyoto, Japan) for 30 min. Immunostaining was performed using an anti-4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) polyclonal antibody (bs-6313R-Cy5, Bioss Antibodies, Woburn, MA, USA; 1:100) in the dark at 4 °C overnight.

Techniques: Antioxidant Activity Assay, Synthesized, Pore Size, DPPH Assay, Activity Assay, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Fluorescence

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Integration of Epigallocatechin Gallate in Gelatin Sponges Attenuates Matrix Metalloproteinase-Dependent Degradation and Increases Bone Formation

doi: 10.3390/ijms20236042

Figure Lengend Snippet: Antioxidant effects of EGCG in bone defects. ( A ) Immunohistochemical staining of defects with anti-4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) antibodies (red). ( B ) Fluorescently stained area of 4-HNE. ( A ) Purple: merge of 4-HNE and DAPI image. ** p < 0.01 ( n = 3, ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer tests).

Article Snippet: Rabbit anti-4-HNE polyclonal antibodies conjugated with Alexa Fluor 647 (cat. No. bs-6313r-a647; Bioss Inc., MA, USA; 1:200) were used to detect oxidation in the defects.

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining